Say desinyo na arapenlithium-ion ya bateryanepeg ya sarag ton sumpalen iray pankaukolan na saray kagawaan ya manguusar na dakel ya enerhiya, singa saray puron de-koriente iran luluganan, saray hybrid ya de-koriente iran luluganan, tan saray sisteman panagtipon na enerhiya ya ag-onkukurang. Parad saray balon anode ya materyales ya gagawaen, say kapasidad et sakey ed saray manunan pakapatnagan na performance. Base ed nanduruman mekanismo na reaksion, pigaran kandidaton materyales ya walaan na atagey a teoretikal a kapasidad et kaiba so silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), silicon monoxide (SiO), tin (Sn), tan say oxide to (SnOz), a walaan na kaslakan a kapasidad a manlapud 783 mA·g (parad SnOz) anggad 42111 mA·g (parad Si). Anggaman sarayan alloy materials et walaan na mas atagey ya espisipikon kapasidad no ikompara ed tradisyonal ya graphite (372 mA·bg) tan lithium titanate (LTO, 175 mA·Ng), say panguuman na karakel tan say inmunan ag nauman ya kapasidad ya naandi legan na karga tan discharge et manlimitad bilay da. Pian natalonaan irayan problema, saray researcher et nansukimat na nanduruman estratehiya, singa say pambawas ed kabaleg na partikulo ed nanoscale tan panggunaet a manggawa na composite material systems ya walaan na aktibo odino inaktibo iran metal ya lithium. Diad sarayan paraan, say pangitipon na aktibon lithium gold ed saray materyales ya alloy pian makagawa na conductive buffer substrate et walaan na potensyal ya mamaaligwas ed performance na cycle. Niarum ni, say pangusar na nanduruman morpolohiya na nanostructures, singa saray nanowires o nanotubes, et apaneknekan met ya epektibon paraan pian nadampot iray ideyal ya materyales na anode ya mankokombina na atagey a kapasidad, maong a rate performance, tan andukey a bilay.
Si--Silicon-based anode materials
Saray anode ya materyales ya base ed silicon- et manunan tugyopen na puron silicon, silicon oxide, tan silicon/carbon composites. Lapud atagey so teoretikal a kapasidad da, makaaro ed kaliberliber, tan dakel a reserba na natural, sikara so ipapasen ya sankaabigan a pilien parad ontumbok a henerasyon na high-energy-density lithium-ion battery anodes. Saray scientist ya Tsino so sankaunaan ed mundo ya angiproponi na konsepto na pangiyaplika na nanoscale silicon ed saray lithium-ion ya baterya. Lapud dakel so kayamanan na China ed silicon tan say sankatageyan ya kapasidad na produksyon na elemental silicon ed mundo, say idarakel na panagsukimat tan panagpaalagey ed saray materyales ya anode ya base ed silicon tan say pangiyaplika ed saratan ed saray baterya ya lithium-ion et baleg so kabaliksan to parad pakaamta ed saray manunan teknolohiya na arapen ya atagey a performance na lithium.{1}{1}{1}} baterya.
No ikompara ed tradisyonal iran materyales ya graphite anode, say silicon et walaan na mas atagey a teoretikal a kapasidad (4211 mA·h/g) tan mas abeban delithiation potential (0.5V). Say sankatalonggaringan, say operating voltage na silicon et mas atagey na daiset nen say graphite. Ipapanengneng na Figure 5-9 so espisipikon inkauksoy na atomo ed loob na silicon crystal. Legan na panag-charge, say pangusar na silicon bilang anode et makapangibawas na surface lithium plating, kanian napaaligwas so kaligenan na baterya. Sakey ni, say silicon et dakel tan agmabli. Balet, say pangiyaplika na silicon ed lithium-ion battery anodes et walaan met na pigaran angat. Bilang semiconductor a materyales, say silicon et walaan na makapuy a konduktibidad. Kayari na dakel a charge-discharge cycles, say signipikantin pananguman ed volume ya sengegan na pangiloob tan pangibulos na lithium-ion et nayarin pansengegan na inkagba na materyal, ya mangapekta ed inkapekder na istruktura tan posiblin pansengegan na inkaapag na aktibon materyal manlapud kaplesan a kolektor, ya makaapekton maong ed bilay na baterya. Niarum ni, say idakel na volume to et mangaamper met ed pakaporma na malet tan epektibon solid-state electrolyte interface (SED) film ed tapew na silicon. Say pareparehon pangibuybuyak na puron silicon odino saray compound to ed loob na carbon matrix et makabawas ed sarayan problema anggad pigaran laknab: diad sakey a dapag, napaaligwas toy inkalapagan ya electronic conductivity na composite material; diad biek a dapag, say kiwawala na carbon et ontulong pian nabawasan so stress ya sengegan na panguuman na karakel na silicon, ya mamawas ed pakaderal na istruktura na electrode; diad parehon panaon, say carbon et nayarin mamaaligwas ed malet ya inkaporma na SEI film. Kanian, saray composite materials ya mankokombina na saray bentaha na silicon tan carbon et ipapasen ya sakey ed saray sankaabigan ya kandidato ed anode parad ontumbok ya henerasyon na high-energy-density ya lithium-ion ya baterya.
SiO
Likud ed silicon, say silicon monoxide (SiO) et ipapasen met ya kandidaton anode material parad lithium-ion ya baterya lapud say kapasidad ton onsulok ed 1600 mA·h/g. Niarum ni, say koordinasyon na lithium-oxygen et mankabaliksan na mas melag iran pananguman na volume tan mas abeban enerhiya na panag-aktibo legan na panag-charge tan panag-discharge. Saray posiblin reaksion na electrochemical legan na sayan proseso et kaiba so panguman na SiO ed Si tan LiO, ya tumbokan na pakaporma na silicon-lithium alloy ya walay Li; odino say direktan pakaporma na silicon-lithium alloy tan LixSiO2. Makatantanda ya say puron solidon SiO et ag-onkukurang ed antokaman a temperatura kanian nayarin nabulok ed Si tan SiO2 diad espisipikon kondisyon panamegley na disproportionation reaction. Singa say silicon, say SiO et ondalan ed signipikantin volume expansion o contraction legan na pangiloob tan pangipaway na lithium. Niarum ni, say SiO et walaan na makapuy a konduktibidad, kanian matantan so lithium-ion ingress tan egress rates. Pian naresolbe irayan isyu, napaaligwas so reversible capacity, tan napaaligwas so cycle stability, saray researcher et nansukimat na nanduruman estratehiya. Kabiangan ed saraya, say teknolohiya na carbon coating, electrochemical reduction na lithium ed SiO, tan say pambawas na SiO particle size so ipapasen ya epektibon paraan. Diad partikular, no ikompara ed saray angkekelag a partikulo tan carbon coatings, say dalan na panagkalat na lithium ions et epektibon napatikeyan, legan ya napaaligwas so electron tan ion conduction efficiency, diad ontan et natalonaan iray asalambit lan angat.
GE
Say Germanium et akaawat na baleg ya imano ed panagsukimat ed lithium-ion battery anode material lapud atagey so kapasidad ton pangisimpenan na lithium (1623 mA·h/g) ed Liz2Ge5 stoichiometric ratio tan say proseso na pangiloob tan pangipaway na lithium ya nauman. Anggaman mas mabli so germanium nen say silicon tan mas abeba so kapasidad to, wala ray bentaha to, singa say konduktibidad ya 10,000 beses nen say silicon tan say band gap to et 0.67 eV labat. Impanengneng na saray impanaral ya say diffusion rate na lithium ions ed germanium et 15 beses ya mas maples nen say silicon ed 360℃tan 400 beses ya mas maples ed temperatura na kuarto. Sarayan kablian so mangiiter ed germanium na ekselentin atagey a performance na discharge na kuryente tan mas atagey ya epektibon panag-transport na karga. Sayan atagey ya -power performance et importante lalo la parad saray aplikasyon ya mankaukolan na atagey-performance power output, singa saray luluganan ya de-koriente. Balet, singa say silicon, say germanium et walaan met na problema na idakel na volume ya anggad 300%, ya nagmaliw ya babeng ed praktikal ya aplikasyon to ed saray lithium-ion ya baterya. Diad pangusar na saray desinyo na nanostructure a singa saray nanoparticles, nanowires, odino nanotubes, say negatibon epekto na pananguman na volume et epektibon nabawasan, kanian napaaligwas so coulombic efficiency. Nepeg ya imanoen ya say pangiparaan na germanium nanoparticle-conductive substrate composites ya uusaren iray simplin paraan a singa say solid-state pyrolysis et lalon mamaaligwas ed electrochemical performance na saray electrodes.
SnO2
Say tin dioxide (SnO2), ya inmunan ginawa na Fujifilm, so akaakit na malaknab ya imano bilang negatibon electrode material parad lithium-ion ya baterya lapud atagey a teoretikal a kapasidad tan abeban operating voltage (manga 0.6 eV, no ikompara ed LiLi). Diad proseso na electrochemical reaction, unona et ondalan ed sakey ya agnauman ya kundang, ya say SnO2 et magmaliw ya metallic tin (Sn) tan lithium oxide (LiO); kayari to, nagawa so sakey a nauman a yugtan, a mangilalanor ed inkaporma tan inkabulok na tin-lithium alloy. Diad teorya, kada mole na SnO2 et nayarin onkiwas ed 8.4 mol na lithium, ya mipara ed teorya ya kapasidad ya 1491 mA·h/g. Balet, lapud abeban reversibility na inmunan reduction reaction, diad praktikal iran aplikasyon, say epektibon kapasidad labat ya inkontribusyon na ontumbok ya proseso na alloying/dealloying-nga 783 mA·h/g- so kaslakan ya ikonsidera, tan sayan balor so uusaren bilang praktikal a teoretikal a kapasidad na materyal ya SO 2. Sakey ni, legan na charge-discharge cycles, sayan materyal et ondalan ed signipikantin volume expansion (masulok ya 200%), ya pansengegan na graben pakaandi na kapasidad. Diad sayan gagala, saray researcher et dedikadon mamaaligwas ed cycling stability na SnO2 tan mamawas ed agnauman ya kapasidad lapud panguuman na volume panamegley na nanduruman paraan.