Lithiumsaray metal ya anode et walaan na atagey a teoretikal a kapasidad (3860 mA·bg) tan sankaabebaan ya electrochemical potential (-3.040 V (vs. SHE)), kanian ipapasen iran "holy grail" ya electrode ed dakel ya electrode materials. Saray lithium metal ya baterya et kaiba iray lithium-sulfur tan lithium-oxygen ya baterya. Saray lithium-sulfur ya baterya et walaan na enerhiyan densidad ya ngalngalin 2600 W·h/kg, bangta saray lithium-oxygen ya baterya et walaan na enerhiyan densidad ya ngalngalin 3500 W·h/kg, ngalngalin 7 tan 10 beses nen say saray conventional lithium-ion ya baterya. Kanian, saray lithium metal ya baterya et ipapasen ya sakey ed saray sankaabigan ya sistema na panagtipon na enerhiya tan sankatageyan ya kandidato parad ontumbok a henerasyon na saray sistema na baterya, ya mangaalay baleg ya imano. Balet, lapud problema ed lithium dendrite, saray inmunan lithium metal ya baterya et nayarin usaren labat ed pigaran espisyal a lawak, tan naatrasado so pangilako ed saratan.
Saray rechargeable lithium metal batteries et naimbento nen dekada 70 tan malaknab ya inusar ed saray relo, calculator, tan arum niran elektronikon kagawaan.
Saray lithium metal ya baterya et mabetbet ya uusaren ed saray kagawaan ya de-koryente tan saray portable ya kagawaan ed medisina. Balet, say komersyalisasyon da et naabala lapud pigaran depekto ed lithium metal. Bilang membro na Grupo 1 na periodic table, saray atomo na lithium et walaan labat na sakey ya electron ed sankaarawian ya shell da, kanian sikaray reaktibo ed kemikal lapud mainomay dan naandi iyan electron. No makapitongtong ed sakey ya organikon electrolyte, say lithium metal et manporma na pelikula ya tatawagen ya solid electrolyte interface (SEI) ed tapew to. Say manunan gagala na sayan pelikula et say pangibiig ed lithium metal manlapud electrolyte, pian ag la onloor so lithium. Balet, lapud baleg ya pananguman na karakel na lithium metal legan na pankarga tan pan-discharge, say SEI film et mabetbet ya nababalang. Say niparungtal ya balon lithium metal ya tapew et onreak lamet ed electrolyte pian manporma na balon SEI film. Sayan proseso et aglabat mamaaligwas ed idakel na lithium dendrites ed gilig na saray bitak noagta nayarin onloob met ed separator ed loob na baterya, ya pansengegan na short circuit. No nagawa so short circuit, baleg so petang ya onlesa ed loob na baterya, ya diad grabe iran kaso et nayarin manresulta ed pakapoolan odino pakasabog, ya seryoson mangapekta ed seguridad tan pakayarin manlako na saray baterya ya lithium metal. Niarum ni, legan ya ondarakel so lithium dendrites, mas dakel so pankanawnawan makapitongtong so negatibon electrode ed electrolyte, kanian napapeles so peles na side reactions. Sarayan agnauman ya proseso et manguupot na saray materyales tan electrolyte na electrode, ya mamapaabeba ed energy density tan coulombic efficiency na baterya. Kayari na andukey ya pangusar, dakel a lithium dendrites so onloob ed balon naporman SEI film, ya ag makapibiang ed normal iran electrochemical reactions; diad parehon panaon, saray lithium dendrites ya asingger ed substrate et maples ya nabubulok, ya pansengegan na "inatey" ya lithium, ya mankabaliksan ya sayan kabiangan na lithium et magmaliw ya electrochemically inaktibo, ya mamakapuy ed inkalapagan ya performance na baterya. Diad apalabas ya 40 taon, walay baleg ya inyaligwas ed panagsukimat tan panag-simulate na saray mekanismo na pakaporma na lithium dendrite.
Sakey ed saray kaslakan ya estratehiya pian nasebel so idakel na dendrite et say pamaaligwas ed inkapekder tan inkasusto na solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer ed tapew na lithium metal diad panamegley na pangi-adjust ed komposisyon na electrolyte tan pangiyarum na espisipikon substansia. Balet, lapud say lithium metal et ag-onkukurang ed thermodynamics ed saray organic additives, say panggawa na epektibon passivation layer ed tapew to diad liquid electrolyte ya kaliberliber et medyo mairap. Likud ed pangi-optimize ed SEI layer, say pangiloob na polymers odino solid barrier layers ya atagey so mechanical strength to et nayarin epektibo met ya paraan pian ag-onloob so dendrite ed separator. Say gagala na sarayan paraan et pian naprebentaan so pakaderal na lithium dendrite ed separator diad pamaaligwas ed saray mekanikal a kablian na SEI layer odino say mismon separator, balet ta ag da naekal so problema na dendrite formation. Bangta abayag ni so sigpot a pakatalona ed sayan angat, tan saray produkton baterya ya base ed lithium metal anode- et agni malaknab a naala ed tindaan, saray managsukimat so angiproponin pigaran konseptual a desinyo na baterya a lithium metal, ya mangipapanengneng na potensyal parad praktikal iran aplikasyon. Diad saraya, saray lithium-sulfur ya baterya ya manguusar na sulfur bilang cathode material tan saray lithium-oxygen batteries ya manguusar na oxygen bilang cathode active material so akaawat na baleg ya imano lapud nikadkaduman bentaha ra tan ipapasen ya duaran makatulong ed komersyo ya all-s cell systems. Saray lithium-sulfur ya baterya et walaan na atagey a densidad na enerhiya (ngalngalin 2600 W·kg) tan kabkabat na karaklan bilang saray promising ya kandidato parad ontumbok a henerasyon na sistema na panagtipon na enerhiya na baterya. Say mas importante, say elemental sulfur et dakel ed kalikasan tan makaderal ed kaliberliber, ya lalon mangipapabitar ed saray bentaha na lithium-sulfur ya baterya. Kanian, saray lithium-sulfur ya baterya et akaawat na sankamundoan ya imano ed apalabas iran taon.
Saray polysulfide intermediates ya napapawala legan na panagkarga tan panagdischarge na lithium-sulfur batteries et ontutunaw ed electrolyte tan onla ed negatibon electrode. Kanian, say pangisebel ed lithium dendrites et magmaliw ya mas komplikado no wala ray polysulfide intermediates, lalo la no atagey so sulfur cathode loading. Saray polysulfides et makaloob ed SEI film tan makaderal ed balon lithium metal ed silong na surface layer, ya pansengegan na pakawalaan na kapasidad. Kanian, say pangisebel ed polysulfide shuttle et nakaukolan aliwan parad pamaaligwas na kapasidad na cathode legan na operasyon na lithium-sulfur battery noagta parad SEI film stability tan pakagamor na dendrite-free ya negatibon electrode. Diad panamegley na tuloytuloy iran sagpot, dakel a paraan so nagawa, kaiba lay positibon limitasyon na domain tan adsorption, pananguman ed electrolyte, tan desinyo na separator. Balet, sarayan paraan et singa mas akasentro ed pangisebel ed polysulfide shuttle tan pamaaligwas ed pakausar na sulfur cathode, ya ag direktan pangisebel ed idakel na dendrite ed lithium metal anode. Say performance na lithium-sulfur ya baterya et mandedepende ed proteksion na lithium metal anode. Say pankakasakey na nanduruman paraan na pangisebel ed idakel na dendrite et makapapeles ed praktikal ya aplikasyon na lithium-sulfur batteries.
Saray lithium-oxygen batteries et sakey a klase na baterya ya manguusar na oxygen manlapud dagem bilang positibon electrode; no maminsan et tatawagen iratan ya lithium-air batteries. Say teoretikal ya enerhiya na lithium-oxygen ya baterya et anggad 3500 Wh/kg, ya mas atagey nen say komersyal ya lithium-ion ya baterya. Kanian, saray lithium-oxygen batteries et nagmaliw ya rebolusyonaryon iyaaligwas ed lawak na panagtipon na enerhiya, ya akaakit na imano ed interon mundo tan ipapasen ya mabiskeg a kalaban ed ontumbok a henerasyon na saray sistema na panagtipon na enerhiya.
Mipara ed polysulfide intermediates, say oxygen cross-linking manlapud positibon electrode ya anggad lithium metal negative electrode ed lithium-oxygen batteries et nayarin manresulta ed kalkalnan pakaderal na tapew na lithium metal, ya manresulta ed electrolyte decomposition tan pakaporma na LiOH tan LiCO3 legan na panag-charge. Kanian, pigaran estratehiya so ginawa pian nasebel so oxygen cross-linking. Likud ed positibon problema ed electrode, say pakaandi na lithium lapud idakel na dendrite tan say pakaderal na passivation film et makaamper ed pangusar na lithium metal ed saray rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries. Saray abitlan estratehiya parad pangisebel ed idakel na lithium dendrite et onaplika met ed saray baterya ya lithium-oxygen. Diad panamegley na saray electrolyte additives, separator modification, tan negative electrode design, say performance na lithium batteries et nayarin napaaligwas a maong.