Teknolohiya na panag-iponpon na petang

Enerhiya na petang, bilang sakey ed saray sankaimportantian ya lapuan na enerhiya ya uusaren na katooan, et manunan naapag ed taloran kategorya base ed saray prinsipyo na pantratrabaho to: makatunongan a panagtipon na petang, ag-amtan panagtipon na petang (phase change) tan panagtipon na petang ya kemikal. Saya so mankantidad na 40% anggad 50% na pinal ya konsumo na enerhiya, tan saray aplikasyon to et malaknab a tuloy. Diad kaplesan ya sistema na panagpaalagey tan pangusar na enerhiya, ngalngalin amin ya proseso na panagpasimbalo na enerhiya et mangilalanor na enerhiyan petang. Balet, lapud agnapaliisan ya pakaandi na enerhiya legan na panag-convert na enerhiya, say teknolohiya na thermal storage et matalag ya direktan iyaplika ed panag-iponpon na enerhiya na kuryente (salanti, saray situasyon ya parehon enerhiya na kuryente so input tan output). Imbes, mas mabetbet ya uusaren itan bilang sakey a link ed energy conversion chain odino iyaplika labat ed saray thermal system.

Makatunongan ya panagtipon na petang

Say Sensible heat storage technology et sakey a paraan na pangisimpen tan pangibulos na petang diad pangusar na pananguman ed temperatura na sakey a substansia. Say mekanismo na pantratrabaho to et medyo simpli: say pangisimpen odino pangibulos na petang et nagamoran diad pangipainit odino pangipalemew ed medium. Legan na sayan proseso, say medium et ag-ondalan ed chemical transformation odino phase change, kanian say interon sistema et mainomay ya kontrolen tan mankimey ya malet. Niarum ni, dakel so klase na saratan ya materyales ya pangisimpenan na petang ya abeban presyo, kanian matukoy iratan parad angkakabaleg iran aplikasyon. Sayan teknolohiya et aliwa labat ya matatken la noagta mangipapanengneng met na malaknab ya potensyal ya aplikasyon ed nanduruman lawak. Balet, say makatunongan a panagtipon na petang et walaan met na pigaran angat, a singa say abeban densidad na enerhiya, baleg a sukat na kagawaan, baleg a pakawalaan na petang legan na andukey a panagtipon, tan ag-establi so temperatura na ompaway. Say sensible heat storage media et nayarin ibiig ed duaran kategorya: likido tan solido. Saray kaslakan ya materyales ya pangisimpenan na petang et say danum, thermal oil, tinunaw ya asin, tan likidon metal. Kabiangan ed saraya, say danum, lapud maong ya kaligenan tan inkapekder to, tan say temperatura na panagtipon na petang to et ag onlampas ed 100 degree, et mabetbet ya uusaren ed solar water heating systems tan space heating. Saray thermal oil, ya walaan na ekselentin thermal conductivity tan malaknab ya operating temperature range, et nausar ed saray inmunan medium- tan high- ya aplikasyon na panagtipon na enerhiya na petang; balet, say atagey a gastos da, inkapoolan da, tan say posiblin peligro na atagey a pressure ed saray closed-loop systems so angitonton ed kalkalnan insalat da na arum nin mas maabig iran opsyon. Diad pidumaan, saray tinunaw ya asin, ya walaan na abeban saturated vapor pressure, abeban viscosity, atagey a thermal conductivity, non-flammability, tan non-toxicity, et maong so nagagawaan da ed temperaturan mipara ed manunan steam parameters tan medyo agmabli, kanian ipapasen iratan ya sankaabigan ya pilien parad arum nin solar coletric conversion. Balet, diad atagey a temperatura na kaliberliber, saray tinunaw ya asin et nayarin man-corrode ed saray tubo tan saray kagawaan ya mipara ed satan, kanian kaukolan so kaaruman ya panagsukimat tan pamaaligwas ed inka-compatibility tan heat resistance da ed stainless steel. Saray likidon metal, lapud atagey so thermal conductivity da, et ipapasen ya posiblin atagey a temperatura (masulok ya 600℃) ya solusyon ed panagtipon na petang; balet, lapud saray kemikal dan reaktibo, nakaukolan so kaaruman iran paraan na seguridad pian naseguro so normal ya operasyon na sistema, tan say atagey a gastos da so mamasiansia ed sikara diad gapo na panagsukimat.

Saray kaslakan ya materyales ya pangisimpenan na petang et say semento, bato, tan saray laryo ya ag-onlelereg. No ikompara ed saray materyales ya pangisimpenan na likido ya thermal, saray solidon materyales ya pangisimpenan na petang et nayarin mankimey ed mas atagey a temperatura tan makapangitipon na mas dakel a petang ed parehon espasyo, ya mankabaliksan na pambawas ed karakel na materyales ya nakaukolan tan pambawas ed inkalapagan a gastos.

Latent heat (phase change) thermal storage

Say phase change thermal energy storage technology et mandedependi ed latent heat bilang manunan paraan na panagtipon na enerhiya. Sayan teknolohiya et manguusar na panagsepsep o pangibulos na baleg a kantidad na akaamot a petang legan na saray pananguman na yugtan pian natipon so petang. Legan na sayan proseso, say temperatura na materyal et mansiansian ngalngali agmanguman. Sayan teknolohiya na panagtipon na enerhiya na petang et walaan na baleg iran bentaha a singa say atagey a densidad na enerhiya tan melag a volume.

Say proseso no panon ya manguuman so bengatla manlapud sakey a kipapasen ya anggad sananey et tatawagen ya phase transition. Kaslakan, sayan pananguman et nagagawa ed silong na isothermal odino asingger ed-isothermal iran kondisyon tan walay kaiba ton baleg ya pananguman na enerhiya-say pansepsep odino pangibulos na baleg a kantidad na petang. Sayan enerhiya et nadetermina bilang say akaamot ya petang na phase transition. Diad partikular, say akaamot ya petang ya nalalanor ed phase transition na maslak a materyales et mas baleg nen say petang ya nalilikna. Singa bilang, say danum et walaan na espisipikon kapasidad na petang ya ngalngalin 4.2 kJ/kg·℃, tan legan na transisyon manlapud solido ya anggad likido ya estado (say yelo ya ontutunaw ed danum), say danum et makasepsep na 355 kJ/kg ya enerhiya bilang latent heat of phase transition. Kanian, no nipaakar ed karakel na enerhiya, say pangusar ed latent heat na phase transition et mas maong nen saray paraan ya mandedependi labat ed sensible heat.

Say phase transitions na matter et manlalapud apatiran klase: solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, tan liquid-gas. Anggaman say solid-gas tan liquid-gas ya transisyon et walaan na atagey iran latent heat values, say signipikantin pananguman na volume ed sarayan kaso so mamapairap ed praktikal ya operasyon, kanian nalimitaan so aplikasyon da. Diad pidumaan, say solid-solid phase transitions, ya nagagawa no say solidon materyal et manguman manlapud sakey a kristal ya estado ya anggad sananey, et mangipapatnag na mas melag iran pananguman ed volume tan abeban supercooling, balet say petang ya nibulos odino nasesepsep et mas abeba nen saray arum ya proseso na phase transition. Diad solid-liquid phase transitions, say matter et manguuman manlapud solid ya anggad likido. Anggaman sayan proseso et mankaukolan na espisipikon pananginan pian naala so likido, say panguuman na karakel et mas melag nen say solid-gas tan liquid-gas phase transitions, tan say latent heat ya nalalanor et mas atagey nen say solid-solid phase transitions. Lapud sarayan katangian, say solid-liquid phase transitions so ipapasen natan ya sankapraktikal tan sankalaknaban ya uusaren ya paraan na panag-imbantak na phase change thermal.

Diad kaplesan, dakel so klase na materyales ya uusaren ed teknolohiya na phase change thermal storage, ya manunan naapag ed duaran kategorya base ed kemikal a komposisyon da: organiko tan inorganiko. Saray organic phase change materials et manunan kaiba iray substansia a singa say paraffin wax, alcohols, tan fatty acids; bangta saray inorganic phase change materials et irerepresenta na crystalline hydrated salts, molten salts, tan metals odino saray alloys da. Diad inkalapagan, saray materyales ya organic phase change et mas matukoy parad panag-iponpon na enerhiya ed abeba anggad kapegleyay temperatura, bangbalet saray inorganic phase change materials et mas maong so panag-iponpon na enerhiya ed pegley anggad atagey a temperatura.

Thermochemical thermal storage

Say thermochemical thermal energy storage technology et walaan na atagey a densidad na enerhiya kada yunit na volume, ya onabot ed order na GJ/m3. No ikompara, say enerhiya na densidad na saray materyales ya pangisimpenan na petang et manga kakaplo labat, tan say karakel na materyales ya pangisimpenan na petang et kapaldua labat. Niarum ni, diad pangibiig ed saray reactant, sayan teknolohiya et makadampot na zero-loss thermal energy storage ed temperatura na kuarto, kanian ipapasen na karaklan ya sakey ed saray sankaabigan ya teknolohiya parad angkakabaleg tan andukey a panaon ya thermal energy storage. Base ed nanduruman pananguman ed chemical bond ya nalalanor ed proseso na panagtipon na enerhiya, say thermochemical thermal energy storage et nayarin naapag ed duaran manunan kategorya: chemisorption thermal energy storage tan chemical reaction thermal energy storage.

Say chemisorption thermal storage et matukoy ya usaren ed abeban temperatura. Mandedependi iya ed pakaporma tan pakabuyak na pisikal o kemikal ya intermolecular forces (singa say van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, tan hydrogen bonds) ed baetan na solid adsorbents tan gaseous adsorbates pian nadampot so heat storage tan release. Sayan teknolohiya et manunan mangilaktip ed duaran kategorya na sistema: say sakey et say hydrated salt system ya manguusar na water vapor bilang adsorbate; say sananey et sakey a sistema na komplikadon ammonia ya manguusar na saray molekula na ammonia bilang adsorbate. Ipapanengneng na Table 1-2 iray espisipikon klase, temperatura na panag-iponpon na petang, tan karakel na panag-iponpon na enerhiya na pigaran kaslakan ya uusaren ya materyales ya panag-iponpon na chemisorption thermal.

Table 1-2 Properties na Saray Kaslakan ya Uusaren ya Chemical Adsorption Thermal Storage Materials:

Say chemical reaction thermal energy storage et manunan uusaren ed silong na medium- tan atagey-kondisyon na temperatura, tan saray sistema to et nanduruma, kaiba lay methane reforming, ammonia synthesis tan decomposition, metal hydrides, carbonates, metal oxides, tan metal hydroxides. Sarayan paraan et makadampot na pangisimpen tan pangibulos na enerhiya na petang diad panamegley na panbuyak tan pankasakey lamet na saray kemikal a bedber. Sayan klase na panagtipon na enerhiya et walaan na angkakabaleg iran reaksion, atagey a densidad na enerhiya, tan malaknab a temperatura na operasyon. Balet, diad praktikal iran aplikasyon, wala ni ray angat, kaiba lay panangontrol ed gastos, pakaderal na materyales, tan panagtipon na gas. Kanian, kaukolan so panggawa na aralem a panagsukimat ed saray matukoy a mekanismo na reaksion tan paaligwasen so proseso pian napaaligwas so inkalapagan a performance.

Saray thermochemical thermal energy storage system et walaan na komplikadon istruktura tan dakel ya auxiliary devices, kanian atagey so gastos ed gapo. Diad kaplesan, say ultra-atagey ya energy density da kada unit volume et agni sigpot ya nausar. Niarum ni, lapud inkakomplikado na saray mekanismo na kemikal a reaksion, mairap so eksakton panangontrol ed peles na reaksion, tan arum a proseso na reaksion so walaan na istrikton kakaukolanen ed kaligenan, a lalon mamaaligwas ed inkalapagan ya inkaepektibo na sistema. Kanian, kaukolan so kaaruman ya aralem a panagsukimat ed teknolohiya na panagtipon na enerhiya na thermochemical pian naresolbe irayan isyu.